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Business & Economy
RIL FY25 Milestones
RIL became the first Indian company to surpass Rs 10 lakh crore in total equity in FY25. Consolidated revenues: Rs 10,71,174 crore (+7.1% YoY); PAT: Rs 81,309 crore (+2.9% YoY); Capex: Rs 1,31,107 crore. In 2024, RIL was also the first Indian firm to cross Rs 20 lakh crore in market cap. CMD: Mukesh Ambani; HQ: Mumbai; Founded: 1957.
Business & Economy
Anant Ambani — Executive Director, RIL
Anant M. Ambani was appointed as Executive Director of RIL for a 5-year term effective May 1, 2025, becoming the first among the Ambani siblings to assume an ED role. He has held board positions at JPL (since March 2020), RNEL/RNSEL (June 2021), RRVL (May 2022), and RF (September 2022). He leads RIL’s energy and sustainability initiatives with a net-zero carbon by 2035 target.
Defence & Technology
DRDO Scramjet 1,000-Second Test
DRDL (Hyderabad), a DRDO unit, conducted a 1,000-second ground test of an Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor at the newly established Scramjet Connect Test Facility (SCPT), following a 120-second test in January 2025. Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCM) fly at Mach 5+ (>6,100 km/h) using air-breathing scramjet engines that sustain supersonic combustion (air flow >1.5 km/s).
Space & Science
ISRO–SCTIMST Space Medicine MoU
ISRO and SCTIMST (Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram; under DST) signed the ‘Framework MoU on Cooperation in Space Medicine’ in Thiruvananthapuram to support the Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme. Key focus areas: human physiological research, behavioral health, biomedical support systems, and radiation biology. ISRO Chairman: Dr. V. Narayanan.
Space & Science
Gaganyaan Programme — Key Facts
Gaganyaan is India’s first human spaceflight mission by ISRO (est. 1969; HQ: Bengaluru; under DoS). It aims to send Indian astronauts (Gaganauts) to a 400 km orbit for a 3-day mission. The ISRO–SCTIMST MoU will strengthen space medicine capabilities including radiation biology and behavioral health studies critical for long-duration spaceflight.
Monetary Policy
RBI Penalties — April 2025
RBI imposed penalties on three institutions in April 2025: Indian Bank (Chennai): Rs 1.61 crore (Interest Rate on Advances, KCC Scheme, MSME Lending); IOB (Chennai): Rs 63.60 lakh (Collateral-free Agricultural Loans, MSME lending); MMFSL (Mumbai): Rs 71.30 lakh (NBFC-SI Directions 2016, KYC Directions 2016) under Section 58G(1)(b) read with Section 58B(5)(aa) of the RBI Act, 1934.
Governance & Administration
Dr. A. Jayathilak — 50th Chief Secretary of Kerala
Dr. A. Jayathilak (1991-batch IAS, Kerala cadre) was appointed Kerala’s 50th Chief Secretary, serving till June 2026. He succeeds Sarada Muraleedharan (1990-batch, retiring April 30, 2025). His career highlights include serving as District Collector of Kollam and Kozhikode, Chairman of Spice Board, and inter-cadre deputation to Chhattisgarh (2002–05).
Defence
DRDO — Key Institutions
DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation) is India’s premier defence R&D agency under the Ministry of Defence. DRDL (Defence Research & Development Laboratory) is a DRDO unit based in Hyderabad, specialising in missile systems and hypersonic propulsion research including Scramjet engine development for India’s Hypersonic Cruise Missile Development Programme.
Banking & Finance
Kissan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
The Kissan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme provides short-term formal credit to farmers for agricultural needs. Indian Bank was penalised by RBI for non-compliance with KCC Scheme guidelines alongside Interest Rate on Advances norms and MSME Sector lending regulations. Non-compliance penalties are imposed under Section 47A(1)(c) read with Sections 46(4)(i) and 51(1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
Technology
Scramjet Technology — Basics
A Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) is an air-breathing engine with no moving parts that sustains combustion at supersonic air flow speeds (>1.5 km/s). Unlike conventional rockets, it uses atmospheric oxygen, making it highly efficient. India’s DRDL is developing scramjet combustors for Hypersonic Cruise Missiles that travel at Mach 5+, offering significant strategic deterrence advantages.
🎴 Revision Flashcards
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What historic total equity milestone did RIL achieve in FY25?
First Indian company to cross Rs 10 lakh crore in total equity
In 2024 it also crossed Rs 20 lakh crore in market cap
Tap to Reveal
At what Mach speed do Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCM) fly?
Mach 5+ (>6,100 km/h)
Powered by Scramjet (air-breathing, no moving parts); DRDL test: 1,000 seconds
Tap to Reveal
What DRDO facility in Hyderabad was used for the 1,000-second Scramjet test?
Scramjet Connect Test Facility (SCPT)
Newly established at DRDL, Hyderabad; follows January 2025’s 120-second test
Tap to Reveal
Which ISRO programme will the ISRO–SCTIMST Space Medicine MoU support?
Gaganyaan
MoU signed in Thiruvananthapuram; SCTIMST is under DST, MoS&T
Tap to Reveal
What penalty did RBI impose on Indian Bank in April 2025?
Rs 1.61 crore
For non-compliance: Interest Rate on Advances, KCC Scheme, MSME Lending
Tap to Reveal
Who is the 50th Chief Secretary of Kerala, and what is his IAS batch?
Dr. A. Jayathilak — 1991-batch, Kerala cadre
Succeeds Sarada Muraleedharan (1990-batch); serves till June 2026
Tap to Reveal
Since which year has Anant Ambani served on Jio Platforms Limited’s board?
March 2020
Appointed RIL ED (effective May 1, 2025); first Ambani sibling to become RIL ED
Tap to Reveal
Under which RBI Act provision was MMFSL penalised in April 2025?
Section 58G(1)(b) read with Section 58B(5)(aa) of RBI Act, 1934
Penalty: Rs 71.30 lakh; for NBFC-SI Directions 2016 & KYC Directions 2016
Think & Discuss
India’s Hypersonic Race: Strategic Necessity or Accelerating a Global Arms Spiral?
Context from today’s quiz: DRDO’s DRDL successfully conducted a landmark 1,000-second Scramjet combustor test in April 2025 — a 700% improvement over January 2025’s 120-second test — advancing India’s Hypersonic Cruise Missile (HCM) capability. Hypersonic weapons flying at Mach 5+ pose unique challenges to existing missile defence systems globally.
🤔 Your Perspective Matters
As India, China, Russia, and the US accelerate hypersonic weapons programmes, the global strategic balance is shifting. Proponents argue that hypersonic capability is essential for credible deterrence; critics warn it risks triggering a dangerous new arms race with no established rules of engagement.
Is India’s investment in hypersonic cruise missile technology a justified strategic imperative given its security environment, or does it risk destabilising regional stability in South Asia and beyond?
Is India’s investment in hypersonic cruise missile technology a justified strategic imperative given its security environment, or does it risk destabilising regional stability in South Asia and beyond?
- Given China’s advanced hypersonic arsenal and Pakistan’s growing missile capabilities, how essential is hypersonic deterrence to India’s strategic doctrine of credible minimum deterrence?
- Scramjet-powered HCMs are extremely difficult to intercept with existing air defence systems. Does this asymmetry make them a stabilising deterrent, or does it make conflicts more unpredictable and escalation more likely?
- Should India prioritise domestic R&D (like DRDO’s Scramjet programme) over acquiring proven technologies through defence partnerships — and what are the long-term implications for indigenous defence manufacturing under Atmanirbhar Bharat?
We’d love to hear your thoughts! Share your perspective in the comments.
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