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📝 Revision Notes
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Environment
New Ramsar Wetlands 2025
India added 4 new Ramsar Wetlands in 2025, expanding its network of internationally recognized wetlands. Sikkim and Jharkhand received their first Ramsar site recognitions, marking a milestone for these states in wetland conservation and biodiversity protection efforts.
Disaster Management
Disaster Mitigation Fund
The Central Government sanctioned ₹3,027.86 crore for disaster mitigation initiatives in 2025. This allocation strengthens India’s disaster preparedness infrastructure, early warning systems, and resilience-building measures across vulnerable regions.
Digital Governance
SwaRail SuperApp Launch
Indian Railways launched SwaRail, a comprehensive SuperApp consolidating multiple railway services. This digital platform integrates ticketing, train tracking, customer service, and other railway functions to enhance passenger convenience through unified digital access.
International Health
Niger Eliminates River Blindness
Niger became the first African country to eliminate Onchocerciasis (River Blindness), achieving this public health milestone through sustained vector control and mass drug administration programs. This victory marks significant progress against neglected tropical diseases.
Judicial Matters
Maha Kumbh Stampede Inquiry
Justice Harsh Kumar is heading the judicial panel investigating the Maha Kumbh stampede. The inquiry examines incident causes, evaluates safety protocols, and will recommend preventive measures for future large-scale religious gatherings.
Economy
Fiscal Deficit Target 2025-26
The Union Budget 2025-26 set a fiscal deficit target of 4.4% of GDP, reflecting the government’s commitment to fiscal consolidation. This target balances infrastructure spending, social welfare programs, and macroeconomic stability objectives.
Space
Sunita Williams’ Spacewalking Record
Indian-American astronaut Sunita Williams achieved 62 hours 6 minutes of cumulative spacewalking time as of 2025. Her extensive extravehicular activity (EVA) experience demonstrates exceptional contributions to international space missions and scientific research.
Sports
Polly Umrigar Award 2021-22
Jasprit Bumrah received the Polly Umrigar Award for Best International Cricketer (Men) for 2021-22. This prestigious BCCI award, named after legendary cricketer Polly Umrigar, recognizes outstanding performances across all international cricket formats.
Sports
BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award
Sachin Tendulkar was honored with the BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award in 2024, celebrating his unparalleled contribution to Indian cricket. The Master Blaster’s 24-year career includes numerous records that revolutionized cricket globally.
Conservation
Ramsar Convention Significance
The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for wetland conservation. Ramsar sites are wetlands of international importance recognized for their ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological, or hydrological significance, supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services.
🎴 Revision Flashcards
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How many new Ramsar Wetlands did India add in 2025?
4
Sikkim & Jharkhand got first sites
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Which state got its first Ramsar site with Jharkhand?
Sikkim
Himalayan state in Northeast
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Disaster mitigation fund sanctioned in 2025?
₹3,027.86 crore
For preparedness & resilience
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What is Indian Railways’ new SuperApp called?
SwaRail
Consolidates all railway services
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First African country to eliminate River Blindness?
Niger
Onchocerciasis eliminated
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Who heads the Maha Kumbh stampede inquiry?
Justice Harsh Kumar
Judicial panel investigation
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Fiscal deficit target in Budget 2025-26?
4.4% of GDP
Fiscal consolidation path
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Sunita Williams’ total spacewalking time?
62 hours 6 minutes
Cumulative EVA as of 2025
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Polly Umrigar Award winner 2021-22?
Jasprit Bumrah
Best International Cricketer (Men)
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BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award 2024 recipient?
Sachin Tendulkar
The Master Blaster
Think & Discuss
Fiscal Consolidation vs. Growth Spending: The Budget Balancing Act
Context from today’s quiz: The Union Budget 2025-26 has set a fiscal deficit target of 4.4% of GDP, reflecting the government’s commitment to fiscal consolidation. Simultaneously, the government sanctioned ₹3,027.86 crore for disaster mitigation, indicating continued development spending needs.
🤔 Your Perspective Matters
India faces a critical policy dilemma: maintaining fiscal discipline to ensure macroeconomic stability and credit ratings, while simultaneously investing in infrastructure, disaster resilience, social welfare, and economic stimulus to drive growth. The 4.4% fiscal deficit target represents a modest reduction, but some economists argue for faster consolidation while others advocate for higher spending to boost growth.
Should India prioritize aggressive fiscal consolidation (targeting 3% deficit faster) or maintain higher spending levels to support growth, infrastructure, and welfare programs?
Should India prioritize aggressive fiscal consolidation (targeting 3% deficit faster) or maintain higher spending levels to support growth, infrastructure, and welfare programs?
- What are the risks of pursuing rapid fiscal consolidation in the current economic environment? Could it dampen growth momentum and affect employment generation?
- How should the government balance competing demands for infrastructure investment, disaster preparedness (like the ₹3,027 crore allocation), social welfare schemes, and fiscal prudence?
- Does the quality of government spending matter more than the deficit number? Should productive capital expenditure be treated differently from revenue expenditure in fiscal targets?
We’d love to hear your thoughts! Share your perspective in the comments.
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